Fish, especially fatty fish such as mackerel, herring, sardines, albacore tuna and salmon are the main and predominant source of omega-3 oils. Research has established that the most beneficial and active of the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids found in fish are:

• EPA – short for eicosapentaenoic (EE-coe-suh-pent-uhnoyick) acid, or 20:5w3, and
• DHA – short for docosahexaenoic (DOE-coe-suh-hexuhnoy-ick) acid, or 22:6w3.

EPA is known to be involved in many processes linked directly to the risks of a heart attack, from regulating the rhythm of the heart to controlling inflammation and blood clot formation. DHA is a major component of the brain, making up about a quarter of the fatty acids in gray matter, and is essential to the development of the brain in the womb and in the early stages of life.

With the significance that omega-3 fatty acids – some of the most researched nutrients – play in our health, both cardiovascular and neuronal, the necessity of their adequate intake is clear. Ideally, that would include numerous servings of omega-3 fatty acid rich fish.

Unfortunately, it is estimated that over 85 percent of people in the Western world are deficient in the beneficial essential fatty acids, so named because without them we die.

While eating fish would keep our heart healthy, the mercury, pesticides, PCBs and DDT still found in the environment that have a significantly negative influence on our health, appear to be present in nearly all fish, such an excellent food.

The heavy metal pollution has contaminated the waterways. Some species of fish are prone to accumulate mercury. The amount of mercury in fish varies according to the mercury content of the water in which fish are caught.

Generally, higher in mercury are predatory, long-lived fish at the top of the aquatic food chain as they consume other mercury contaminated fish. For instance, most of canned tuna is heavily polluted with methyl mercury and should be avoided, especially by pregnant women and children.

Besides tuna, species most prone to mercury contamination include cod, halibut, mackerel, mahi-mahi, marlin, pike, sea bass, shark, swordfish and tilefish – sometimes referred to by names such as golden bass or golden snapper. As all fish are potentially contaminated, the risks of contamination seem to outweigh the benefits we may receive by eating fish.

Based on existing evidence, only some fish available on the North American market can be considered "safe," or at least less contaminated. The list of the relatively safe fish includes:

• some lean fish, such as Arctic char, croaker, summer flounder, haddock, tilapia, and
• some fatty fish, such as anchovies, wild Pacific salmon, preferably from Alaska or South America (Chile) and sardines.

It's quite a short list!

Farm-raised fish do not avoid the problem – they still have the mercury and are high in less beneficial omega-6. The fish are fed grain products, especially corn, so the beneficial omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) are distorted.

Additionally, non-organic grain is used, so the fish pick up the pesticides that were used on the grains and that run off from neighboring farmland. In other words, farmed fish are very similar to commercial beef!

It turns out where the salmon comes from and what they are fed determine whether the health risks will outweigh the benefits.

Researchers found that the contaminant levels in farmed salmon from certain regions of the world increased the risk of cancer enough to outweigh the heart health benefits of salmon. The toxin levels were so high in some farmed salmon from Europe that people should only eat a single serving once every five months. On the other hand, farm-raised salmon from Chile were found to contain the lowest concentrations of pollutants in farm-raised populations.

While the toxin levels in wild salmon were not high enough to exceed the health benefits, the same was not true for farmed salmon, which are raised on a diet of fish oil. The level of contaminants in fish oil – often derived from local fish – vary depending on the region of the world.

Farmed salmon from South America, especially from Chile, had the lowest level of pollutants followed by farmed salmon from North America. Salmon from Europe had the highest level of pollutants, according to the study, most probably because the area has been industrialized much longer. Prompted by other studies suggesting that fish oil increases the levels of toxins in farm-raised salmon, some fish farmers in recent years have switched to using vegetable oil pellets.

It has been found that the heart health benefits from fish like salmon are weakened when they are fed vegetable oil instead of fish oil. However, even taking into account the risks, the benefits of salmon could be still worthwhile for some groups, including older people who may be recovering from coronary problems.

However, for young people worried about a lifetime accumulation of pollutants, the risks far outweigh the benefits. Recent studies from Scotland have reported that feeding salmon vegetable oils – except in the final stages of farming – resulted in salmon with significantly lower levels of contaminants, but with most of the omega-3 fatty acids obtained from the standard diet.

CONLUSION:
The benefits exceed the risks for wild Pacific salmon, but the risks exceed the benefits for farmed Atlantic salmon as a group. Children and younger people, especially women of childbearing age, pregnant women, and nursing mothers should reduce their exposure to the contaminants found in farmed salmon.

In the developing fetus, some of these contaminants cause harm to the nervous system, leading to a reduced IQ and shortened attention span.

Younger women are at risk of accumulating carcinogenic agents in their bodies and harming a developing child.

Before rushing to make salmon a staple of a heart-healthy diet then, you should check the origin of their fish supply as they can have high level of carcinogenic toxins.

Source: Quantitative Analysis of the Benefits and Risks of Consuming Farmed and Wild Salmon, Journal of Nutrition, Nov. 2005 Issue

As our culture has managed to pollute the world so much that we essentially eliminated fish as an entire class of healthy food, what are our options?

The only „solution” to the problem that allows us to obtain the good nutrition of the fish – while avoiding the mercury, pesticides and other pollutants – is regular consumption of concentrated fish oil supplements.

Made from the body oils of halibut, cod, salmon or herring, they are molecularly distilled, therefore, virtually free of impurities and contaminants such as pesticides (PCBs, PCDFs, PCDDs, Dioxin) and heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.).

The role played by fish oil supplements in the control of blood lipids has been confirmed by numerous studies in recognized professional medical journals. It has been well documented over the years that EPA and DHA prevent and may even help to ameliorate or reverse atherosclerosis, angina, heart attack, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

They help maintain the elasticity of artery walls, prevent blood clotting, reduce blood pressure and stabilize heart rhythm.

On the other hand, EPA alone turns out to be beneficial to the healthy mood and thought patterns – the real slayer in the "Noonday Demons." In addition, it may help fight depression, schizophrenia, seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and bipolar disorder (“maniac depression”). Research into EPA's healing powers in the brain continues.

According to an existing research, quality fish oils are highly effective in:

• reducing triglyceride levels and lowering the triglyceride/HDL ratio
  (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 72, August 2000, pp. 389-94)
• lowering triglycerides along with garlic
  (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 65, February 1997, pp. 560-1; editorial)
• decreasing triglyceride levels in heart bypass surgery patients
  (Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., Vol 54, July 1994, pp. 273-80)
• primarily EPA, lowering of triglyceride levels
  (Lipids, Vol. 31 (suppl.), March 1996, pp. S45-49)
• lowering triglycerdies in elderly people
  (American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 53, February 1991, pp. 562-72)
• decreasing triglyceride levels by 54 per cent
  (Atherosclerosis, Vol. 63, February 1987, pp. 137-43; erratum October 1987, p. 273)
• lowering levels or triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increasing the level of HDL-good cholesterol
  (Atherosclerosis, Vol. 54, January 1985, pp. 75- 88)

Over the years, it has been well documented that EPA and DHA prevent and may help to ameliorate or reverse atherosclerosis, angina, heart attack, congestive heart failure, arrhythmias, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease. They help maintain the elasticity of artery walls, prevent blood clotting, reduce blood pressure and stabilize heart rhythm.

During and after absorption, there are three main pathways for the metabolism of the omega-3 fatty acids:

• the fatty acids are first transported to the liver where they are incorporated into various categories of lipoproteins and then channelled to the peripheral lipid stores;
• the cell membrane phospholipids are replaced by lipoprotein phospholipids and the fatty acids can then act as precursors for various eicosanoids;
• the majority is oxidised to meet energy requirements.

The concentration of omega-3 fatty acids, EPA and DHA, in the plasma phospholipids corresponds to the EPA and DHA incorporated into the cell membranes.

It should be noted that fish body oils are different from cod liver oil which is extracted from cod liver and is an excellent source of vitamins A and D. Fish oils, on the other hand, are extracted from the tissues (flesh) of fatty fish and are good sources of essential fatty acids, especially EPA and DHA.

Fish oils contain very little vitamin A and D, but cod liver oil does contain some EPA and DHA. For instance, one teaspoon (5 ml) of liquid cod liver oil may contain 4,600 IU of vitamin A, 500 mg of EPA, 400 mg of DHA and 460 IU of vitamin D.

However, you would exceed the recommended daily intake of vitamins A and D by trying to obtain higher, therapeutic amounts of EPA and DHA only from the cod liver oil.

In terms of chemical composition, not all fish oil supplements are created equal.

Most ordinary supplements available on the market have their EPA and DHA in the triglyceride form.

Additionally, these traditional triglyceride-containing fish oil supplements usually contain cholesterol.

A unique kind of supplemental EPA and DHA, clinically used in Japan, is called the ethyl esters of EPA and DHA. Ethyl ester fish oils are refined to remove the triglycerides. The EPA and DHA are converted to their purer ester form.

The two major differences between ethyl ester and traditional triglyceride forms of EPA and DHA is their:

• Apparent potency (ethyl esters have been shown to be better absorbed and utilized), and
• Differing effects on oxidation in the body (ethyl esters have been shown to increase resistance to oxidation, in contrast to the triglyceride form).

This last point is especially important, as ordinary fish oil supplements have been shown to increase lipid peroxidation - oxidative deterioration of blood lipids. The ethyl esters of EPA and DHA do not have this drawback.

Additionally, studies have shown that supplementation with even small amounts of the ethyl esters of EPA and DHA can significantly raise the level of these fatty acids in cellular membranes.

Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil is refined to remove the triglycerides. Therefore, fhe EPA and DHA are converted to their purer ester form.

In our practice, we have had great results in lowering elevated blood triglycerides with one particular fish oil supplement: Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil.

We have found this unique, quality marine lipid concentrate superior to conventional supplements available at a health food store or pharmacy.

Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil is made from the body oils of:

• sardine,
• anchovy,
• mackerel,
• sprat,
• salmon,
• cod, and
• clupea.

As a molecularly distilled product, it is 100 percent safe - free of impurities and contaminants such as pesticides (PCBs, PCDFs, PCDDs, Dioxin), heavy metals (mercury, lead, etc.) and oxidation (rancidity).

Each Ethyl Ester Fish Oil softgel provides:

• EPA (ethyl ester) 300 mg
• DHA (ethyl ester) 200 mg
• Vitamin E 5 I.U.

The following recommendations, based on our clinical experience, will help you benefit from Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil (with possible variations from person to person):

Option #1: If your blood triglyceride levels are "borderline high" (150 - 199mg/dL) according to American lab values, for initial improvement take one (1) softgel two (2) times daily with meals; in case of burping - in between meals, with some water; therefore, at least two (2) bottles of Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil is needed. Option #2: If your blood triglyceride levels are "high" (200 - 499 mg/dL) according to American lab values, for initial improvement take one (1) sofgels three (3) times daily with meals. In case of burping - in between meals, with some water; therefore, at least three (3) bottles of Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil are needed. Option #3: If your blood triglyceride levels are "very high" (over 500 mg/dL) according to American lab values, and/or you suffer from diabetes and/or atherosclerosis, for initial improvement take two (2) sofgels two (2) times daily with meals. In case of burping - in between meals, with some water; therefore, at least four (4) bottles of Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil are needed. Option #3 (taken with Triglyceride Reduction TGs Formula): In our clinical experience, when taken along with our proprietary TGs Formula, Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil displays a strong synergistic effect. In this case, take one (1) softgel two (2) time daily with meals; therefore, at least two (2) bottles of Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil are needed. PLEASE NOTE: Although the benefits of Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil may become evident in a few weeks - in terms of blood triglycerides and other blood lipids, it may take three (3) months or longer to occur in degenerative diseases like diabetes and/or atherosclerosis. CAUTION: Although regular higher intake of fish body oils is entirely safe even for long periods, it can lower blood concentrations of vitamin E. Therefore, unless you are on our proprietary TGs Formula, it is a good idea to add extra 200 I.U.- 400 I.U. of vitamin E daily when taking Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil for more than three (3) consecutive months.

At Full of Health, we are sure that supplementation with omega-3 (EPA/DHA) fatty acids will do as much for you as it has done for our clients and customers.

PLEASE NOTE:
At Full of Health, we recommend Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil because we find it the most beneficial to your lipid health in its category.

Pharmaceutical quality, FDA-approved manufacturing plant and procedures

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 Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil -- $19.95 US -- One Bottle: 60 Softgels 

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 Pure Ethyl Ester Fish Oil -- $19.95 US -- One Bottle: 60 Softgels 

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